As the war in Ukraine moves into a tenth year of conflict and over a thousand days of a war Russia calls a ‘special operation’, the escalating war’s reality pushes new nuclear strategies and, as a new U.S. president comes on stage, Strategic Demands recalls a man who speaks of how we got here…
A lost chance at a “peace dividend” as the Cold War era drew to a close with the fall of the Berlin Wall and an announcement by the President of the Soviet Union
Strategic Demands’ editor: The November 5th re-election of former President Donald Trump brings new cards to the table, both opportunities and risks.
The U.S. president who comes into office January 2025 has promised to end the war in a day, as Russia says ‘no way’.
Years of questions about President Trump’s relationship with President Putin will now be tested, over days, months and years in multiple ways.
At top of the agenda are war realities and rattling nuclear sabers. These are now in use in the form of a new nuclear-capable missile that Russia fired this past week as a demonstration into Ukraine.
President Putin claims the missile cannot be defended against and U.S. intelligence indicated it was a next generation version of an multi-warhead intermediate range nuclear and/or conventional system. Not knowing what warheads are on these missiles interjects a high risk of potential misjudgment and nuclear war.
Is President Trump ready for his ‘one day deal’?
Here at Strategic Demands we have written extensively about Donald Trump, chain of command, nuclear weapons and dangers of the current system of launch authority. Before we again peer into this Pandora’s Box, let’s look back at how the U.S. delivered us to potential cataclysmic scenario.
Let’s start with two stories from a man named Jeffrey D. Sachs.
First, consider who is Sachs…
* https://www.earth.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/about/director/sachs/Sachs_LongBio_10-07.pdf
* https://www.jeffsachs.org/newspaper-articles/3w88ej6lb74ytkk9b5hrknebkh4ep2
“I’m pro-American.
I’m pro-Russian.
I’m pro-China.
I’m pro-Earth.
I want us to get along.
I’m completely anti-war, especially in the nuclear age, because I actually don’t want our world blown up.
I want my grandchildren to have a future.
I know how many stupid people are around, and I know how many nuclear weapons are around.
I do not want us trying to find out whether Russia is bluffing or not when it says this is its red line.
That’s fine if you’re playing a board game, but not if you’re playing with the future of the planet.”
🌎
November 2024
Now a flashback to the early 1990’s…
A Memory of the Fall of the Soviet Union
By Jeffrey Sachs
“In December 1991, I was leading a delegation of economists to meet with President [of Russia Boris] Yeltsin.
The room in the Kremlin was gigantic, almost the size of a football field.
We waited and waited, and then, in the very far corner, the door opened, and President Yeltsin came bounding up to the table.
He sat down right in front of me.
I was the head of our delegation, and he said, ‘Gentlemen, I want to make an announcement: the Soviet Union is over.’
It was amazing, especially as an American, to hear that in the Kremlin, face to face with the President of Russia—it was a little unusual.
He then pointed to the room in the back and said, ‘Do you know who I was meeting with back there? I was meeting with the heads of the military, and they have agreed to the end of the Soviet Union. So, I can say the Soviet Union is over.’
Well, you don’t get too many moments in life like that—this was truly extraordinary.
President Yeltsin then went on to say, ‘What does Russia want? Russia wants to be a democratic country. Russia wants to be a peaceful country. Russia wants to cooperate.’
And the word that he liked most of all: ‘Russia wants to be normal. We want to be normal—no more Bolshevism—we want to be normal.’
Then it came time for me to speak, and I said, ‘President Yeltsin, this is very moving for us, and we are honored to be here with you. I want to assure you that what you have said is the greatest dream of the United States. We’ve had a Cold War for 45 years. We came to the brink of nuclear war. What you are saying, Mr. President, is truly a symphony for the United States. This is the best possible news.’
‘I am also sure that the United States will help you financially, help you stabilize, and help you reform the economy, because what could be more important?’
I was wrong.
The United States didn’t help—at all.
And I was also wrong for an interesting personal reason.
Two years earlier, I was Poland’s advisor. By a strange twist of fate, I became the lead advisor to the Polish government on economic reform as a non-Polish advisor.
At the time, I recommended many things that the United States and Europe should do to help Poland, such as not making Poland pay its debts because they were crushing.
I recommended canceling half the debts, giving Poland billions of dollars to get started again, and providing some social cushion, and so on.
Pretty much whatever I recommended was adopted.
Well, I was 35 at the time and thought, ‘Pretty good, you know—the President’s listening to me, the National Security Advisor’s listening to me, Congress is listening to me.’
And they did it, and for Poland, it worked.
So I thought, ‘Russia—well, that’s just five times larger.’ That was my basic logic.
Poland had 40 million people; Russia had about 160 million. I said, ‘Just multiply everything by four.’
So, if we gave Poland a billion dollars for a stabilization fund, Russia would get four billion. If we had this size loan, Russia would get four times that, and so on, as a rule of thumb.
When I recommended the same thing (for Russia), the answer was, ‘Nyet, Mr. Sachs, we’re not going to do this.’
I couldn’t understand it.
I was naive, of course—I was making economics, but they were making geopolitics. They couldn’t get the idea that we would help Russia.
‘Are you kidding? Russia’s our enemy. Why would we ever help Russia? Of course, we don’t want them to collapse and throw up nuclear weapons, but if they just slowly collapse, that’s okay.’
I don’t think there was any goodwill. Bush Sr. turned down all my suggestions, and then Clinton did the same.
I ended up resigning at the end of 1993.
Since then, I’ve been blamed for everything that happened there.
In fact, I didn’t have anything to do with privatization, oligarchs, shares-for-loans, stealing—nothing! I wasn’t even there, but I got blamed for all of it.
This was also a lesson on how the media works.
The media sees you one way, puts a label on you, and it doesn’t matter—true, false, anything you say. You can speak for 30 years—nothing matters.
Anyway, that was my experience. I’m not even complaining—it was an interesting life experience, a little bizarre. But what I saw was that the U.S. would not lift a finger to really help Russia.
I did not understand it for the next 15 years because, among my economist colleagues, everything was a debate: ‘Is shock therapy smart or stupid?’, ‘Is Sachs an idiot?’, ‘Was that good advice or bad advice?’, ‘Shouldn’t it have been gradual?’—all sorts of arguments that had nothing to do with the real issues we were talking about. Nothing to do with the real issues!
Okay, that’s academia—completely divorced from what it should be doing if it’s not connected to real problem-solving.
You can’t figure out what’s going on in the world unless you’re actually trying to solve a problem.
And when you get beaten down, you learn something. You learn why things don’t work, or why they do.”
Now a Memory of a Lost Opportunity
How the Neocons Chose Hegemony Over Peace Beginning in the Early 1990s
By Jeffrey D. Sachs
September 2024
Racket News
* https://www.jeffsachs.org/newspaper-articles/bfsmbpe4plx7cc6lgxhf37lx249r22
In 1989 I served as an advisor to the first post-communist government of Poland, and helped to devise a strategy of financial stabilization and economic transformation. My recommendations in 1989 called for large-scale Western financial support for Poland’s economy in order to prevent a runaway inflation, enable a convertible Polish currency at a stable exchange rate, and an opening of trade and investment with the countries of the European Community (now the European Union). These recommendations were heeded by the US Government, the G7, and the International Monetary Fund.
Based on my advice, a $1 billion Zloty stabilization fund was established that served as the backing of Poland’s newly convertible currency. Poland was granted a standstill on debt servicing on the Soviet-era debt, and then a partial cancellation of that debt. Poland was granted significant development assistance in the form of grants and loans by the official international community.
Poland’s subsequent economic and social performance speaks for itself. Despite Poland’s economy having experienced a decade of collapse in the 1980s, Poland began a period of rapid economic growth in the early 1990s. The currency remained stable and inflation low. In 1990, Poland’s GDP per capita (measured in purchasing-power terms) was 33% of neighboring Germany. By 2024, it had reached 68% of Germany’s GDP per capita, following decades of rapid economic growth.
On the basis of Poland’s economic success, I was contacted in 1990 by Mr. Grigory Yavlinsky, economic advisor to President Mikhail Gorbachev, to offer similar advice to the Soviet Union, and in particular to help mobilize financial support for the economic stabilization and transformation of the Soviet Union. One outcome of that work was a 1991 project undertaken at the Harvard Kennedy School with Professors Graham Allison, Stanley Fisher, and Robert Blackwill. We jointly proposed a “Grand Bargain” to the US, G7, and Soviet Union, in which we advocated large-scale financial support by the US and G7 countries for Gorbachev’s ongoing economic and political reforms. The report was published as Window of Opportunity: The Grand Bargain for Democracy in the Soviet Union (1 October 1991).
The proposal for large-scale Western support for the Soviet Union was flatly rejected by the Cold Warriors in the White House. Gorbachev came to the G7 Summit in London in July 1991 asking for financial assistance, but left empty-handed. Upon his return to Moscow, he was abducted in the coup attempt of August 1991. At that point, Boris Yeltsin, President of the Russian Federation, assumed effective leadership of the crisis-ridden Soviet Union. By December, under the weight of decisions by Russia and other Soviet republics, the Soviet Union was dissolved with the emergence of 15 newly independent nations.
In September 1991, I was contacted by Yegor Gaidar, economic advisor to Yeltsin, and soon to be acting Prime Minister of newly independent Russian Federation as of December 1991. He requested that I come to Moscow to discuss the economic crisis and ways to stabilize the Russian economy. At that stage, Russia was on the verge of hyperinflation, financial default to the West, the collapse of international trade with the other republics and with the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe, and intense shortages of food in Russian cities resulting from the collapse of food deliveries from the farmlands and the pervasive black marketing of foodstuffs and other essential commodities.
I recommended that Russia reiterate the call for large-scale Western financial assistance, including an immediate standstill on debt servicing, longer-term debt relief, a currency stabilization fund for the ruble (as for the Zloty in Poland), large-scale grants of dollars and European currencies to support urgently needed food and medical imports and other essential commodity flows, and immediate financing by the IMF, World Bank, and other institutions to protect Russia’s social services (healthcare, education, and others).
In November 1991, Gaidar met with the G7 Deputies (the deputy finance ministers of the G7 countries) and requested a standstill on debt servicing. This request was flatly denied. To the contrary, Gaidar was told that unless Russia continued to service every last dollar as it came due, emergency food aid on the high seas heading to Russia would be immediately turned around and sent back to the home ports. I met with an ashen-faced Gaidar immediately after the G7 Deputies meeting.
In December 1991, I met with Yeltsin in the Kremlin to brief him on Russia’s financial crisis and on my continued hope and advocacy for emergency Western assistance, especially as Russia was now emerging as an independent, democratic nation after the end of the Soviet Union. He requested that I serve as an advisor to his economic team, with a focus on attempting to mobilize the needed large-scale financial support. I accepted that challenge and the advisory position on a strictly unpaid basis.
Upon returning from Moscow, I went to Washington to reiterate my call for a debt standstill, a currency stabilization fund, and emergency financial support. In my meeting with Mr. Richard Erb, Deputy Managing Director of the IMF in charge of overall relations with Russia, I learned that the US did not support this kind of financial package. I once again pleaded the economic and financial case, and was determined to change US policy. It had been my experience in other advisory contexts that it might require several months to sway Washington on its policy approach.
Indeed, during 1991-94 I would advocate non-stop but without success for large-scale Western support for Russia’s crisis-ridden economy, and support for the other 14 newly independent states of the former Soviet Union. I made these appeals in countless speeches, meetings, conferences, op-eds, and academic articles. Mine was a lonely voice in the US in calling for such support. I had learned from economic history — most importantly the crucial writings of John Maynard Keynes (especially Economic Consequences of the Peace, 1919) — and from my own advisory experiences in Latin America and Eastern Europe, that external financial support for Russia could well be the make or break of Russia’s urgently needed stabilization effort.
It is worth quoting at length here from my article in the Washington Post in November 1991 to present the gist of my argument at the time:
: This is the third time in this century in which the West must address the vanquished. When the German and Hapsburg Empires collapsed after World War I, the result was financial chaos and social dislocation. Keynes predicted in 1919 that this utter collapse in Germany and Austria, combined with a lack of vision from the victors, would conspire to produce a furious backlash towards military dictatorship in Central Europe. Even as brilliant a finance minister as Joseph Schumpeter in Austria could not stanch the torrent towards hyperinflation and hyper-nationalism, and the United States descended into the isolationism of the 1920s under the “leadership” of Warren G. Harding and Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge.
: After World War II, the victors were smarter. Harry Truman called for U.S. financial support to Germany and Japan, as well as the rest of Western Europe. The sums involved in the Marshall Plan, equal to a few percent of the recipient countries’ GNPs, was not enough to actually rebuild Europe. It was, though, a political lifeline to the visionary builders of democratic capitalism in postwar Europe.
: Now the Cold War and the collapse of communism have left Russia as prostrate, frightened and unstable as was Germany after World War I and World War II. Inside Russia, Western aid would have the galvanizing psychological and political effect that the Marshall Plan had for Western Europe. Russia’s psyche has been tormented by 1,000 years of brutal invasions, stretching from Genghis Khan to Napoleon and Hitler.
:Churchill judged that the Marshall Plan was history’s “most unsordid act,” and his view was shared by millions of Europeans for whom the aid was the first glimpse of hope in a collapsed world. In a collapsed Soviet Union, we have a remarkable opportunity to raise the hopes of the Russian people through an act of international understanding. The West can now inspire the Russian people with another unsordid act.
This advice went unheeded, but that did not deter me from continuing my advocacy. In early 1992, I was invited to make the case on the PBS news show The McNeil-Lehrer Report. I was on air with acting Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger. After the show, he asked me to ride with him from the PBS studio in Arlington, Virginia back to Washington, D.C. Our conversation was the following. “Jeffrey, please let me explain to you that your request for large-scale aid is not going to happen. Even assuming that I agree with your arguments — and Poland’s finance minister [Leszek Balcerowicz] made the same points to me just last week — it’s not going to happen. Do you want to know why? Do you know what this year is?” “1992,” I answered. “Do you know that this means?” “An election year?” I replied. “Yes, this is an election year. It’s not going to happen.”
Russia’s economic crisis worsened rapidly in 1992. Gaidar lifted price controls at the start of 1992, not as some purported miracle cure but because the Soviet-era official fixed prices were irrelevant under the pressures of the black markets, the repressed inflation (that is, rapid inflation in the black-market prices and therefore the rising the gap with the official prices), the complete breakdown of the Soviet-era planning mechanism, and the massive corruption engendered by the few goods still being exchanged at the official prices far below the black-market prices.
Russia urgently needed a stabilization plan of the kind that Poland had undertaken, but such a plan was out of reach financially (because of the lack of external support) and politically (because the lack of external support also meant the lack of any internal consensus on what to do). The crisis was compounded by the collapse of trade among the newly independent post-Soviet nations and the collapse of trade between the former Soviet Union and its former satellite nations in Central and Eastern Europe, which were now receiving Western aid and were reorienting trade towards Western Europe and away from the former Soviet Union.
During 1992 I continued without any success to try to mobilize the large-scale Western financing that I believed to be ever-more urgent. I pinned my hopes on the newly elected Presidency of Bill Clinton. These hopes too were quickly dashed. Clinton’s key advisor on Russia, Johns Hopkins Professor Michael Mandelbaum, told me privately in November 1992 that the incoming Clinton team had rejected the concept of large-scale assistance for Russia. Mandelbaum soon announced publicly that he would not serve in the new administration. I met with Clinton’s new Russia advisor, Strobe Talbott, but discovered that he was largely unaware of the pressing economic realities. He asked me to send him some materials about hyperinflations, which I duly did.
At the end of 1992, after one year of trying to help Russia, I told Gaidar that I would step aside as my recommendations were not heeded in Washington or the European capitals. Yet around Christmas Day I received a phone call from Russia’s incoming financing minister, Mr. Boris Fyodorov. He asked me to meet him in Washington in the very first days of 1993. We met at the World Bank. Fyodorov, a gentleman and highly intelligent expert who tragically died young a few years later, implored me to remain as an advisor to him during 1993. I agreed to do so, and spent one more year attempting to help Russia implement a stabilization plan. I resigned in December 1993, and publicly announced my departure as advisor in the first days of 1994.
My continued advocacy in Washington once again fell on deaf ears in the first year of the Clinton Administration, and my own forebodings became greater. I repeatedly invoked the warnings of history in my public speaking and writing, as in this piece in the New Republic in January 1994, soon after I had stepped aside from the advisory role.
: Above all, Clinton should not console himself with the thought that nothing too serious can happen in Russia. Many Western policymakers have confidently predicted that if the reformers leave now, they will be back in a year, after the Communists once again prove themselves unable to govern. This might happen, but chances are it will not. History has probably given the Clinton administration one chance for bringing Russia back from the brink; and it reveals an alarmingly simple pattern. The moderate Girondists did not follow Robespierre back into power. With rampant inflation, social disarray and falling living standards, revolutionary France opted for Napoleon instead. In revolutionary Russia, Aleksandr Kerensky did not return to power after Lenin’s policies and civil war had led to hyperinflation. The disarray of the early 1920s opened the way for Stalin’s rise to power. Nor was Bruning’sgovernment given another chance in Germany once Hitler came to power in 1933.
It is worth clarifying that my advisory role in Russia was limited to macroeconomic stabilization and international financing. I was not involved in Russia’s privatization program which took shape during 1993-4, nor in the various measures and programs (such as the notorious “shares-for-loans” scheme in 1996) that gave rise to the new Russian oligarchs. On the contrary, I opposed the various kinds of measures that Russia was undertaking, believing them to be rife with unfairness and corruption. I said as much in both the public and in private to Clinton officials, but they were not listening to me on that account either. Colleagues of mine at Harvard were involved in the privatization work, but they assiduously kept me far away from their work. Two were later charged by the US government with insider dealing in activities in Russia which I had absolutely no foreknowledge or involvement of any kind. My only role in that matter was to dismiss them from the Harvard Institute for International Development for violating the internal HIID rules against conflicts of interest in countries that HIID advised.
The failure of the West to provide large-scale and timely financial support to Russia and the other newly independent nations of the former Soviet Union definitely exacerbated the serious economic and financial crisis that faced those countries in the early 1990s. Inflation remained very high for several years. Trade and hence economic recovery were seriously impeded. Corruption flourished under the policies of parceling out valuable state assets to private hands.
All of these dislocations gravely weakened the public trust in the new governments of the region and the West. This collapse in social trust brought to my mind at the time the adage of Keynes in 1919, following the disaster Versailles settlement and the hyperinflations that followed: “There is no subtler, no surer means of over- turning the existing basis of society than to debauch the currency. The process engages all the hidden forces of economic law on the side of destruction, and it does it in a manner which not one man in a million is able to diagnose.”
During the tumultuous decade of the 1990s, Russia’s social services fell into decline. When this decline was coupled with the greatly increased stresses on society, the result was a sharp rise in Russia’s alcohol-related deaths. Whereas in Poland, the economic reforms were accompanied by a rise in life expectancy and public health, the very opposite occurred in crisis-riven Russia.
Even with all of these economic debacles, and with Russia’s default in 1998, the grave economic crisis and lack of Western support were not the definitive breaking points of US-Russian relations. In 1999, when Vladimir Putin became Prime Minister and in 2000 when he became President, Putin sought friendly and mutually supportive international relations between Russia and the West. Many European leaders, for example, Italy’s Romano Prodi, have spoken extensively about Putin’s goodwill and positive intentions towards strong Russia-EU relations in the first years of his presidency.
It was in military affairs rather than in economics that the Russian – Western relations ended up falling apart in the 2000s. As with finance, the West was militarily dominant in the 1990s, and certainly had the means to promote strong and positive relations with Russia. Yet the US was far more interested in Russia’s subservience to NATO than it was in stable relations with Russia.
At the time of German reunification, both the US and Germany repeatedly promised Gorbachev and then Yeltsin that the West would not take advantage of German reunification and the end of the Warsaw Pact by expanding the NATO military alliance eastward. Both Gorbachev and Yeltsin reiterated the importance of this US-NATO pledge. Yet within just a few years, Clinton completely reneged on the Western commitment, and began the process of NATO enlargement. Leading US diplomats, led by the great statesman-scholar George Kennan, warned at the time that the NATO enlargement would lead to disaster: “The view, bluntly stated, is that expanding NATO would be the most fateful error of American policy in the entire post-cold-war era.” So, it has proved.
Here is not the place to revisit all of the foreign policy disasters that have resulted from US arrogance towards Russia, but it suffices here to mention a brief and partial chronology of key events. In 1999, NATO bombed Belgrade for 78 days with the goal of breaking Serbia apart and giving rise to an independent Kosovo, now home to a major NATO base in the Balkans. In 2002, the US unilaterally withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty over Russia’s strenuous objections. In 2003, the US and NATO allies repudiated the UN Security Council by going to war in Iraq on false pretenses. In 2004, the US continued with NATO enlargement, this time to the Baltic States and countries in the Black Sea region (Bulgaria and Romania) and the Balkans. In 2008, over Russia’s urgent and strenuous objections, the US pledged to expand NATO to Georgia and Ukraine.
In 2011, the US tasked the CIA to overthrow Syria’s Bashar al-Assad, an ally of Russia. In 2011, NATO bombed Libya in order to overthrow Moammar Qaddafi. In 2014, the US conspired with Ukrainian nationalist forces to overthrow Ukraine’s President Viktor Yanukovych. In 2015, the US began to place Aegis anti-ballistic missiles in Eastern Europe(Romania), a short distance from Russia. In 2016-2020, the US supported Ukraine in undermining the Minsk II agreement, despite its unanimous backing by the UN Security Council. In 2021, the new Biden Administration refused to negotiate with Russia over the question of NATO enlargement to Ukraine. In April 2022, the US called on Ukraine to withdraw from peace negotiations with Russia.
Looking back on the events around 1991-93, and to the events that followed, it is clear that the US was determined to say no to Russia’s aspirations for peaceful and mutually respectful integration of Russia and the West. The end of the Soviet period and the beginning of the Yeltsin Presidency occasioned the rise of the neoconservatives (neocons) to power in the United States. The neocons did not and do not want a mutually respectful relationship with Russia. They sought and until today seek a unipolar world led by a hegemonic US, in which Russia and other nations will be subservient.
In this US-led world order, the neocons envisioned that the US and the US alone will determine the utilization of the dollar-based banking system, the placement of overseas US military bases, the extent of NATO membership, and the deployment of US missile systems, without any veto or say by other countries, certainly including Russia. That arrogant foreign policy has led to several wars and to a widening rupture of relations between the US-led bloc of nations and the rest of the world. As an advisor to Russia during two years, late-1991 to late-93, I experienced first-hand the early days of neoconservatism applied to Russia, though it would take many years of events afterwards to recognize the full extent of the new and dangerous turn in US foreign policy that began in the early 1990s.
1992, a U.S. Presidential Campaign
Now, we return to 1992 when your editor was working on a presidential platform with the Governor of California, Edmund G. (Jerry) Brown.
The opponent we faced was William J. (Bill) Clinton.
I used to describe the campaign as a ‘fork in the road’, a choice that would determine which direction the Democratic Party would take and, as a result, which direction the U.S. would take as the post World War II world was dramatically changing.
We debated NAFTA, GATT, WTO, neo-conservative and neo-liberal policies. We differed from the Clinton economics and foreign policy. Looking back, the issue of issues, beyond ‘money in politics’, was the potential for a new international era of peace. We spoke and wrote of the possibility of a “peace dividend” that accompanied the fall of the Soviet Union. We saw potential for peace as the threat of a communist nuclear power was no longer arrayed, bristling, and threatening U.S. national security.
The Brown campaign proposed a platform of new priorities, to focus on reduction of the nuclear arsenal and overextended military spending. We campaigned to re-think and re-direct the U.S. budget and tax policies, focus on jobs, education, health…. and, though coming close to prevailing, we came in second to the Clinton campaign.
The result was Clinton’s legacy, including re-armament, a new nuclear stance, war in Europe and the Mid-East, and abandonment of plans to meet strategic security needs with the new Russian government.
The views today of former Ambassador/Advisor Sachs have a place in learning how Ukraine became caught in a Ukraine-Russia conflict that has now escalated far beyond what could have and should have been accomplished with diplomacy and ‘soft power’.
The resultant launch of a new Cold War, a 3.0 version, and a new Nuclear Arms Race with ‘modernization’ masking the extent of a next generation of usable, precision, dial-up yields, tactical and strategic nuclear weapons, and revised nuclear use strategies is a legacy that should have been prevented.
Now, comes a step back from the brink, hopefully, before a ‘miscalculation’ or other mistaken person or policy delivers the world to devastation.
If the past is any lesson, we can learn from mistakes and the future is ours to negotiate and navigate.
References for context, perspective, history, facts… and 360 opinion.
* https://www.dropsitenews.com/p/jeffrey-sachs-a-front-row-seat-to
* https://www.dropsitenews.com/p/what-i-got-wrong-about-shock-therapy
* https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/twenty-five-years-after-the-failed-soviet-coup
* https://www.jeffsachs.org/newspaper-articles/wgtgma5kj69pbpndjr4wf6aayhrszm
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Nuclear War Would Cause a Global Famine and Kill Billions
* https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-022-00573-0#Ack1
“If nuclear weapons exist, they can be used, and the world has come close to nuclear war several times,” Robock said. “Banning nuclear weapons is the only long-term solution. The five-year-old UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons has been ratified by 66 nations, but none of the nine nuclear states. Our work makes clear that it is time for those nine states to listen to science and the rest of the world and sign this treaty.”
The Rutgers-led study was conducted with scholars at institutions around the world, including Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Louisiana State University, the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Columbia University, the National Center for Atmospheric Research, the University of Colorado Boulder, and Queensland University of Technology.
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